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Monday, May 18, 2026

cherished history of Chozha Kingdom evidenced by copper plates of Leiden !!!

 

"காண்பினிய மணிமாடம் நிறைந்த நெடு வீதிக்

கடல் நாகைக் காரோணம் மேவியிருந்தீரே!"

 

This morning, I had the opportunity to visit the Afsluitdijk and gain insight into the key features of this project !!  - read the tweet of our respected Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modiji – the nearly unpronounceable “Afsluitdijk” – made me search about it.  It is a lesser-discussed but strategically important issue for India: long-term water management and climate resilience.

 


The Afsluitdijk   is a major dam and causeway in the Netherlands. It was constructed between 1927 and 1932 and runs from Den Oever in North Holland province to the village of Zurich in Friesland province, over a length of 32 kilometres (20 mi) and a width of 90 metres (300 ft), at an initial height above Amsterdam Ordnance Datum of between 6.7 metres (22 ft) along the section at Friesland, and 7.4 metres (24 ft) where it crosses the deep channel of the Vlieter. The height at the greater sea depths west of Friesland was required to be a minimum of 7 metres everywhere when originally constructed. 

More searches from India are about ‘Leiden University’ -  founded in 1575, the oldest university in the Netherlands and ranking consistently among the top 100 global institutions. Located across two vibrant student cities—Leiden and The Hague—the public research university is highly regarded for its humanities, social sciences, law, and medicine programmes.  Established by William, Prince of Orange, with the historic motto Praesidium Libertatis (Bastion of Freedom).

 

Chudamani Vihara was a historic Mahayana Buddhist monastery at Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu, built around 1006 CE with Srivijayan patronage and support from the Chola ruler Rajaraja I.  

The vihara was constructed in the early 11th century (around 1006 CE) by a Srivijayan/Sailendra prince (Cudamanivarman / Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman) with the patronage of Rajaraja Chola I. Anaimangalam is a village   in Kilvelur taluk of Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India, about 13 km west of Nagapattinam town and roughly 301 km from Chennai  Anaimangalam is historically linked to Chudamani Vihara because the Chola king Rajaraja I granted the village of Anaimangalam to support the upkeep and revenue of the Chudamani Vihara monastery at Nagapattinam

 


Now in global news are the  inscriptions on the Leiden / Anaimangalam copper plates - significant because they are one of the clearest primary records of Chola power, administration, religious pluralism, and overseas connections in the 11th century. 

        The charter has two major parts: a Sanskrit section giving the genealogy and divine ancestry of the Cholas, and a long Tamil section describing the reign and acts of Rajaraja Chola I. The Tamil portion records that in the 21st year of his reign, Rajaraja Chola I granted the entire revenue of the village of Anaimangalam to support a Buddhist monastery (Chudamani Vihara) at Nagapattinam. 

The famous Chozha Kings -  Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I are known as devout Shaivites, yet here they endowed a Buddhist vihara, showing state patronage extended beyond their own sectarian identity.

This inscription is frequently cited as a concrete proof of religious coexistence in Chola Tamilakam, where Hindu kings funded Buddhist institutions for political, commercial, or cultural reasons as well as religious tolerance. 

These Copper plates - as a detailed land grant charter, the plates illuminate how villages were assigned, what kinds of tax revenues were diverted, and how permanent endowments to religious institutions were structured. Historians use such copper plate grants to reconstruct Chola fiscal policy, agrarian organization, and local governance, since they list boundaries, tax terms, and obligations in precise legal language. The plates note that the Chudamani Vihara at Nagapattinam was built by Sri Mara Vijayotunga Varman (also called Chudamani Varman), a ruler of the Srivijaya kingdom in present day Indonesia. 

        The genealogy and praise passages in Sanskrit place the Cholas in a cosmic and legendary lineage, which is valuable for studying royal ideology and how Chola kings fashioned their political legitimacy. Because these plates are among the most extensive and well preserved Chola copper plate charters, they are considered one of the most important pieces of Tamil epigraphic heritage outside India and now a key repatriated source for understanding the Chola golden age.

 

வெளிநாடுகள்  சுற்றுப்பயணம் மேற்கொண்டுள்ள பாரத பிரதமர் திரு நரேந்திர மோடி, அமீரகத்தை தொடர்ந்து  நெதர்லாந்து சென்றடைந்தார்.  அங்கு அவருக்கு உற்சாக வரவேற்பு அளிக்கப்பட்டது.  அங்கு பிரதமர் மோடியின் முன்னிலையில், பிரசித்தி பெற்ற ஆனைமங்கலம் தாமிர தகடுகள் இந்தியாவிடம் ஒப்படைக்கப்பட்டன. இவை லெய்டன் தகடுகள் என அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.

தென்னிந்திய அரசாட்சிகளில் ஒன்றான 11-ம் நூற்றாண்டு சோழ அரசாட்சி காலத்திலான இந்தக் கலை பொருட்கள் லெய்டன் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் கடந்த 300 ஆண்டாக வைக்கப்பட்டு இருந்தன. மத்திய அரசு தொடர்ந்து மேற்கொண்ட முயற்சிகளின் பயனாக, 2023ல் யுனெஸ்கோ அமைப்பின் தலையீட்டால் இந்த செப்பேடுகள் திருப்பி தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. இதுகுறித்து தனது எக்ஸ் பக்கத்தில் பிரதமர் மோடி தமிழில் வெளியிட்டுள்ள பதிவில்,

 



"இந்தியர் அனைவருக்கும் ஒரு மகிழ்ச்சிகரமான தருணம்!. 11-ம் நூற்றாண்டைச் சேர்ந்த சோழர்கால செப்பேடுகள், நெதர்லாந்தில் இருந்து இந்தியாவிற்குத் திரும்பவும் கொண்டுவரப்பட இருக்கின்றன. இது தொடர்பான விழாவில் பிரதமர் ராப் ஜெட்டன் அவர்களுடன் இணைந்து பங்கேற்றேன். சோழர் கால செப்பேடுகள், 21 பெரிய மற்றும் 3 சிறிய தகடுகளின் தொகுப்பாகும். இவற்றில் பெரும்பாலான எழுத்துக்கள் உலகின் மிகவும் அழகான மொழிகளுள் ஒன்றான தமிழில் பொறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. இவை மாமன்னர் முதலாம் ராஜேந்திர சோழன் தனது தந்தை முதலாம் ராஜராஜனால் வாய்மொழியாக அளிக்கப்பட்ட வாக்குறுதியை முறைப்படுத்தியதை குறிக்கின்றன. மேலும், இவை சோழர்களின் பெருமையையும் பறைசாற்றுகின்றன. இந்தியர்களாகிய நாம், சோழர்களின் கலாச்சாரம், கடற்படைத் திறமை ஆகியவற்றால் மிகுந்த பெருமை கொள்கிறோம். 

நெதர்லாந்து அரசுக்கும், குறிப்பாக 19-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் இருந்து செப்பேடுகளைப் பாதுகாத்து வந்த லெய்டன் பல்கலைக்கழகத்திற்கும் எனது நன்றியைத் தெரிவித்துக் கொள்கிறேன்." என்று குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளார்.

 

 

A joyous moment for every Indian! Chola Copper Plates dating back to the 11th Century  are being  repatriated to India from the Netherlands. Our PM took part in the ceremony for the same in the presence of Prime Minister Rob Jetten. The Chola Copper Plates are a set of 21 large plates and 3 small plates and largely contain texts in Tamil, and relate to the great Rajendra Chola I formalising an oral commitment made by his father, King Rajaraja I.  

 


Known as the Leiden Copper Plates, the royal charters had been preserved for over a century at the University’s Asian Library. The collection consists of 21 large and three small copper plates bound by a bronze ring bearing the seal of Chola king Rajendra Chola I. Five plates contain inscriptions in Sanskrit, while sixteen are inscribed in Tamil. Another set of plates, carrying the seal of Kulottunga Chola I, also contains Tamil inscriptions.  

 


The "Leiden copper plates"   comprises 21 plates bound by a bronze ring bearing Rājendra Chola I’s seal; another object (Or.1688) has three plates with the seal of Kulōttunga Chola I.  Here is factual reporting on how they reached there and why they are repatriated excerpted from Leiden University page titled :  Leiden University to return Chola Plates to India:  https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2026/05/leiden-university-to-return-chola-plates-to-india   

The Chola Plates, currently in the possession of Leiden University, will be returned to India. This has been decided by the Executive Board. The restitution of this heritage follows the advice of the (national) Colonial Collections Committee. The Chola Plates – historical objects originating from India held by University Libraries Leiden (UBL) – will be presented on 16 May during a formal ceremony in the presence of Prime Minister Modi and Prime Minister Jetten in The Hague, and will be officially transferred to India at a later occasion.   

In the summer of 2023, the Indian government submitted a request to Leiden University to return the Chola Plates (object numbers Or.1687 and Or.1688), which are the property of the university and are held by the UBL.   

The copper Chola Plates originate from India and record important agreements about the right of a Buddhist shrine and a number of monasteries in Nagapattinam in India to the revenue of villages. One object (Or.1687) comprises 21 copper plates held together by a bronze ring bearing the seal of King Rājendra Chola I, who reigned in the 11th century. Five plates contain Sanskrit inscriptions, and the remaining 16 plates contain inscriptions in Tamil. The other object (Or. 1688) comprises three copper plates also held together by a bronze ring – this time bearing the seal of King Kulōttunga Chola I (who reigned from 1070 to 1120) – and containing Tamil inscriptions.  

The Chola Plates, which have been in the possession of Leiden University since 1862, are important sources of royal charters in South India. They also provide historical information about the relationship between the Chola and Srivijaya Empires, and have a combined weight of 30 kilos. The plates are available at the university library for academic research and teaching, and have been made available by the UBL for exhibitions.   

Provenance investigation :  Following India’s request in 2023 for the return of the Chola Plates, the university commissioned an independent provenance investigation by experts. It also sought advice from the Colonial Collections Committee, which conducted an additional investigation, while taking the results of earlier research into account. The national advisory committee on the return of cultural objects from the colonial context (i.e. the Colonial Collections Committee) was established by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and advises on requests for the return of cultural artefacts taken during the colonial era. By entrusting the committee with this task, the university committed to the outcome of the investigation. In its advisory report, issued to Leiden University at the end of 2025, the committee concluded that the Chola Plates should be returned to India.  

Colonial Collections Committee advice :  The provenance investigation demonstrated that the Chola Plates were most likely excavated during the construction of Fort Vijf Sinnen and the redevelopment of the site at the ‘Chinese’ Pagoda in Nagapattinam by the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) between 1687 and 1700. At the time, Nagappattinam was a city in South India that had been captured by the VOC. It was subsequently used as a trading post and formed part of the colonial trade network of the VOC. The VOC exercised territorial authority in and around Nagapattinam.  

The committee has determined that the Chola Plates left the area without the consent of the owners or rights holders at the time. The Chola Plates were carefully buried in the ground, most likely to protect them during a period of upheaval.  The committee considers it likely that the objects were subsequently brought to the Netherlands in 1712 by the Camper-Kettinghs – Florentius Camper was a pastor in Batavia.  The exact circumstances under which the couple acquired the Chola Plates are uncertain. Their descendants donated the objects to Leiden University in 1862, where a relative, Hendrik Arent Hamaker, had been Professor of Eastern Languages until 1835. The committee has concluded that the removal of the objects from Nagapattinam in South India without the consent of the rights holders constitutes an involuntary loss of possession. It therefore advises the university to unconditionally return both sets of Chola Plates to India.  

On behalf of Leiden University, the UBL has consulted with the Indian Government about the timing (and manner) of the return. The official transfer of the Chola Plates to India will take place on a date after 16 May.  

So it is evident that : Florentius Camper (1675–1748) was a Dutch Protestant minister and missionary who lived and worked in Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia) and the East Indies in the early 1700s.  He acquired and moved these plates in a surreptious manner !!  transported   to the Netherlands around 1700.    After Florentius Camper’s death, the plates passed by inheritance to his descendants, including Johanna Camper. Johanna Camper was married to the Dutch orientalist Hendrik Arent Hamaker; through this family connection, the plates remained in private scholarly custody in the Netherlands. In 1862, the successors/descendants of Professor Hendrik Arent Hamaker donated the copper plates to Leiden University.         From then on, they formed part of the Asian collections of Leiden University Library, catalogued under numbers such as Or. 1687 and Or. 1688 and stored in secure conditions, mainly accessed by researchers.  

The Chola Plates now will go to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in New Delhi. The ASI functions under the Indian Ministry of Culture as the chief institution for archaeological research and preservation in the country. The ASI will decide whether, and if so, where the objects will be exhibited to the public in India.  The University further added that UBL has maintained a policy concerning the return of contested heritage for several years and cooperates constructively when such requests arise. In doing so, it adheres as closely as possible to the national policy framework.  

The reality now :  Chudamani Vihara as a built structure no longer exists in its original form; its site is now built over, and nothing substantial of the ancient monastery stands above ground today. The vihara was in Nagapattinam town, on or near the coastal strip, where locals later referred to a ruined tower as the “Puduveli / Puduvelli Gopuram”, which scholars identified as part of the Chudamani Vihara complex. By the mid 19th century, the ruins were still visible, but the remaining structures were demolished in 1867; the stone and bricks were reused mainly for the construction of St Joseph’s College and other colonial era buildings in Nagapattinam. There is no standing temple or clearly marked monument called “Chudamani Vihara” in Nagapattinam; only historical references, inscriptions (Leiden plates), and recovered Buddha bronzes preserve its memory.  

If you were an avid reader of Kalki’s Ponniyin Selvan, concluding with some lines from the novel !  

        பூம்புகார் என்னும் காவிரிப் பட்டினத்தைக் கடல் கொள்ளை கொண்டு போய்விட்டது அல்லவா? அதற்குப் பிறகு சோழ வளநாட்டின் முக்கியத் துறைமுகப்பட்டினம் என்ற அந்தஸ்தை நாகைப்பட்டினம் நாளடைவில் அடைந்தது. பொன்னி நதி பாய்ந்த இயற்கை வளம் செறிந்திருந்த சோழ நாட்டுடன் வர்த்தகத் தொடர்பு கொள்ள எத்தனையோ அயல்நாட்டார் ஆவல் கொண்டிருந்தனர். பெரிய பெரிய மரக்கலங்களிலே வர்த்தகப் பண்டங்கள் வந்து இறங்கியபடி இருந்தன. முத்தும், மணியும், வைரமும், வாசனைத் திரவியங்களும் கப்பல்களில் வந்து இறங்கியதோடு அரபு நாட்டுக் குதிரைகளும் விற்பனைக்காக வந்து இறங்கின.

        ஸ்ரீ சுந்தர மூர்த்தி நாயனாரின் காலத்தில் நாகைப்பட்டினம் சிறந்த மணிமாட நகரமாயிருந்தது. அந்த நகரத்தைக் கண்ட நம்பி ஆரூரர்,

        "காண்பினிய மணிமாடம் நிறைந்த நெடு வீதிக்

கடல் நாகைக் காரோணம் மேவியிருந்தீரே!"

என்று வர்ணித்தார். கடல் நாகைக் காரோணத்தில் மேவியிருந்த காயாரோகணப் பெருமானிடம் ஸ்ரீ சுந்தரமூர்த்தி நாயனார் என்னென்ன பொருள்கள் வேண்டுமென்று கேட்டார் தெரியுமா? மற்ற ஊர்களிலே போலப் பொன்னும், மணியும், ஆடை ஆபரணங்களும் கேட்டதோடு, நாகைப்பட்டினத்திலே ஓர் உயர்ந்த சாதிக் குதிரையும் கேட்டுப் பெற்றுக் கொண்டார்.

          "நம்பிதாமும் அந்நாட் போய்நாகைக் காரோணம்பாடி

அம்பொன்மணிப்பூண் நவமணிகள் ஆடைசாந்தம் அடற்பரிமா"

ஆகியவை பெற்றுக்கொண்டு திருவாரூர் திரும்பிச் சென்றதாகப் பெரியபுராணம் கூறுகிறது.           நாகைப்பட்டினத் துறைமுகத்தில் வந்து இறங்கிய அரபு நாட்டுக் குதிரைகளைப் பார்த்ததும் நாயனாருக்கும் குதிரை ஏறிச் சவாரி செய்யவேண்டும் என்று தோன்றி விட்டது போலும்!           நாகைப்பட்டினத்தைப் பற்றிப் புராணம் வர்ணிப்பது ஒருபுறமிருக்க, சரித்திர பூர்வமான கல்வெட்டுக்களும் செப்பேடுகளும் அந்நகரைப் பற்றிச் சொல்லியிருக்கின்றன.  "பல கோவில்களும், சத்திரங்களும், நீர் நிலைகளும், சோலைகளும், மாட மாளிகைகளும் நிறைந்த வீதிகளையுடைய நாகைப்பட்டினம்" என்று ஆனைமங்கலச் செப்பேடுகள் அந்நகரை வர்ணிக்கின்றன.

          அதே ஆனைமங்கலச் செப்பேடுகள், அந்நாளில் நாகைப்பட்டினத்தில் புகழ்பெற்று விளங்கிய சூடாமணி விஹாரம் என்னும் பௌத்த ஆலயத்தைப் பற்றியும், அதன் வரலாற்றையும் கூறுகின்றன.  

கல்கியின் 'பொன்னியின் செல்வன்' நாவலில், நாகப்பட்டினத்தில் உள்ள சூடாமணி விஹாரம் மிக முக்கியமான ஒரு வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணியாகவும், நாவலின் களமாகவும் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளது. இது ஒரு புத்த விகாரம் (துறவிகள் மடம்) ஆகும்.நாவலில் சூடாமணி விஹாரம்இடம்: நாகப்பட்டினம் கடற்கரைப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இலங்கையில் நடந்த போருக்குப் பிறகு, காயமடைந்த அருள்மொழிவர்மன் (பொன்னியின் செல்வன்) உடல் நலம் தேறுவதற்காக இந்த விஹாரத்தில்தான் தங்கியிருப்பார். வந்தியத்தேவன், சேந்தன் அமுதன் மற்றும் பூங்குழலி ஆகியோர் அருள்மொழிவர்மனைச் சந்திக்க இந்த விஹாரத்திற்கு ரகசியமாக வருவார்கள்.

 
Interesting !
 
Regards – S Sampathkumar
17.5.2026

Sunday, May 17, 2026

Grieving the passing away of GR Ravichandran

 

A couple of hours back, I received WA message that Mr GR Ravichandran attained Acharyan thiruvadi,   today, 17th May 2026, at 11:30 AM.

 


A man with smiling face and impeccable manners, generally clad in white and white, he  was an Advocate, Actor, Philanthropist  and a patron of Brahmin Association too.   As we could recall, he was on dais in the “Subhakruthu varusha Panchangam release function’ celebrated by Triplicane Brahmin Association on 3.4.2022.

For that function as he did in most other occasions, he used to come with his wife Mrs Padmini Ravichandran, another nice human being.  Mrs Padmini having been a native of Triplicane (resided in TP Koil Street) would come often to Sri Parthasarathi Swami temple for darshan of Emperuman especially purappadus.

 



This year too, he had come for Parabava varusha Panchanga release at Gangaikondan mandapam on 4.4.2026 but he was alone as Mrs Padmini had passed away an year to so earlier – that appeared to have deeply affected him.

 


At around 70 years of age, understand that he had some heart-related health issues and passed away in the morning.  Understand from his family that the final obsequies   will take place tomorrow, 18th May 2026, at his residence around 3pm.  

Residence Address:

S2, Abhinav Apartments, 94 Gaudiya Mutt Road, (Opp Ponnusamy hotel)

Royapettah, Chennai 600 014.  

In Grief:

Hari Gomatam & Shyam Gomatam (Sons)  &  Family

Contact: 9840344520 

Very sad to know his passing away – pray Emperuman to give strength to his family to bear this colossal loss.  

Om Shanthi 

Regards – S Sampathkumar

17.5.2026 – 16.00 hrs

PS :  Paid my last respects to the late Mr. Ravichandran at his residence this morning [18.5.2026].

 

 


Good Morning greeted a dog from Auto

 

Some like their pets !  but how comfortable to get a greeting from a nearby vehicle, while you are driving a two-wheeler in a busy road with vehicles buzzing past !!

 


Good morning Sunday !!

Friday, May 15, 2026

Machiavelli, his treatise Prince and more on POlitics !!!

 

The recent Tamil Nadu Assembly results were a Black Swan event with no party getting a clear mandate and with jigsaw combinations, Mr C Vijay has become the Chief Minister.  Whom would you call in the present political context – a Machiavelli !!  (and this post is on Machiavelli !!)

 


To those who claim to be Political analysts – do you know or remember AB Shetty, K Venkatasami Naidu, B Parameshwaran !!! – remember this logo ?

 

In the 1952 Madras State legislative assembly election, no single party obtained a simple majority to form an independent Government. C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) of the Indian National Congress became the Chief Minister after a series of re-alignments among various political parties and Independents. Rajaji had to resign  in 1954 after the heavy opposition and in  the ensuing leadership struggle, Kamaraj defeated Rajaji's chosen successor C. Subramaniam becoming  Chief Minister on 31 March 1954. 

In everyday political language, the reference “Machiavelli”  suggests a leader who prioritizes strategy, power, and results over morality. The term is often used critically, implying manipulation, opportunism, or ruthless deal-making. 

The great antagonist of virtù is fortuna, which we must understand as temporal instability—the flux and contingency of temporal events. In fact, love, as opposed to fear, falls under the rubric of fortune, because love is fortuitous, you cannot rely on it, it is not stable, it is treacherously shifty. Therefore it’s obviously better for a prince to be feared rather than loved, since fear is a constant emotion, which will remain true to itself no matter how much circumstances may shift. 

Why are we still reading this book called The Prince, which was written 500 years ago?  The Prince was not read by the person to whom it was dedicated, Lorenzo de Medici. If the truth be told, this strange little treatise for which Machiavelli is famous, or infamous, never aided—at least not in any systematic way—anyone in the actual business of governing. The most one can say about The Prince in this regard is that Kissinger and Nixon preferred it as their bedtime reading.

 


Later political thought also absorbed parts of his outlook on power, state survival, and practical judgment  Bitter and looking for work, Machiavelli did something surprising: he wrote The Prince around 1513 and dedicated it to Lorenzo de' Medici—the very man ruling the state that had just tortured him.  The man, hailed as -  “Galileo of Politics”  -   desparately  wanted to prove to the Medici that he understood power mechanics better than anyone else, hoping they would hire him back. Yet  Medici did not trust him and largely ignored the book. It was never published during his lifetime 

The man said :

          The people are often wiser than princes. He says the many can be more stable and more reliable than a single ruler.

          Corruption is a constant danger. He thinks states decay over time, so freedom and civic virtue need active defense.

          Rome is the model. He uses Roman history to show how laws, institutions, and citizen participation helped Rome grow powerful.

          Good laws and force both matter. Machiavelli does not believe politics runs on ideals alone; a republic must be able to defend itself and sometimes use extraordinary measures in crises.  

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the Italian Renaissance. He is best known for his political treatise The Prince (Il Principe), written around 1513 but not published until 1532, five years after his death.  He is  called the father of modern political philosophy and political science.  He is famous for analyzing politics as it really works, not as people wish it worked. His name became associated with hard-nosed political strategy, especially the idea that rulers may need to act ruthlessly in unstable times.   

Machiavelli’s thought centers on virtù—practical strength, skill, discipline, and the ability to shape events. He also stressed “effectual truth,” meaning political judgment should start from how people actually behave.  By quirk of fate, Niccolò Machiavelli’s life had a dramatic twist: he served Florence as a diplomat, then was falsely accused of conspiracy, tortured, and sent into exile. That setback is what helped push him to write The Prince, the book that made his name famous and controversial.   Machiavelli's success was short-lived. In August 1512, the Medici, backed by Pope Julius II, used Spanish troops to defeat the Florentines at Prato. In the wake of the siege, Piero Soderini resigned as Florentine head of state and fled into exile. The experience would, like Machiavelli's time in foreign courts and with the Borgia, heavily influence his political writings. The Florentine city-state and the republic were dissolved. Machiavelli was ordered to remain in Florence for a year, and to pay a surety of one thousand florins. He was falsely implicated in a conspiracy to remove the Medici family from power merely because his name was on a list of possible sympathizers.  Despite being subjected to torture  ("with the rope", in which the prisoner is hanged from his bound wrists from the back, forcing the arms to bear the body's weight and dislocating the shoulders), he denied involvement and was released after three weeks/


One of the most interesting episodes is that Machiavelli watched the brutal politics of Renaissance Italy up close, including Cesare Borgia’s ruthless actions. He studied those events so closely that they became the raw material for his political ideas about power, fear, loyalty, and survival. His reputation is often reduced to “the end justifies the means,” but the real story is more complicated: he was trying to understand how rulers actually behave, not how they should behave in an ideal world. That’s why his work still feels sharp today—because it reads like a field report on power under pressure.  

In a capsule, Machiavelli is interesting because he was a civil servant turned political thinker, and his most famous ideas were born from watching real political chaos, personal failure, and exile.

Interestingly, Shakespeare’s plays are filled with famous Machiavellian villains—Lady Macbeth, Iago, Edmund. Think of King Lear, for example. There are a number of characters in that play who have an explicitly Machiavellian cynicism about politics, who believe that politics is nothing but efficacy, the will to power, naked ambition, pragmatism devoid of ethical considerations. One such character is Edmund, the illegitimate son of Gloucester. Others are Lear’s two daughters Regan and Goneril. And the other is, of course, Cornwall, Regan’s husband.   

Machiavelli was brilliant, his treatise was far reaching, turning out to be relevant hundreds of years after it was written, yet he did not have a successful political career, or charming life !!   

As we conclude with the names Q at the start !!  :  K. Venkataswami Naidu ( 1896 – 1972) was an Indian lawyer and politician from Tamil Nadu, belonging to Indian National Congress. He served as the Mayor of Madras in the late 1930s. During 1952-54, he was the Minister for Religious Endowments and Registration of Madras State. 

Balasubramanian Parameswaran (1913- 1966)    was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Maduranthakam constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1946, 1952, and 1962 elections. He was the grandson of Rettamalai Srinivasan, a pioneer in the Scheduled Caste movement. He was educated in  Presidency College, Madras.   During 1952–54, he was the mayor of Madras and in  Kamarajar cabinet,    he was the minister for Transport, Harijan Uplift, Hindu Religious Endowments, Registration and Prohibition.  Later he became a member  of the Rajya Sabha.  

Attavar Balakrishna Shetty (1883–1960), was Health Minister in the first Govt of Madras.  He was a philanthropist, entrepreneur and the founder of Vijaya Bank
 
Interesting !

Regards – S Sampathkumar
15.5.2026